Algae are some of the fastest growing organisms in the world, with up to 90% of their weight made up from carbohydrate, protein and oil. As well as these macromolecules, microalgae are also rich in other high-value compounds, such as vitamins, pigments, and biologically active compounds, All these compounds can be extracted for use by the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries, and the algae itself can be used for feeding of livestock, in particular fish, where on-going research is dedicated to increasing the percentage of fish and shellfish feed not derived from fish meal. Microalgae are also applied to wastewater bioremediation and carbon capture from industrial flue gases, and can be used as organic fertilizer.
So far, only a few species of microalgae, including cyanobacteria, are under mass cultivation. The potential for expansion is enormous, considering the existing hundreds of thousands of species and subspecies, in which a large gene-pool offers a significant potential for many new producers.
Completely revised, updated and expanded, and with the inclusion of new Editor, Qiang Hu of Arizona State University, the second edition of this extremely important book contains 37 chapters. Nineteen of these chapters are written by new authors, introducing many advanced and emerging technologies and applications such as novel photobioreactors, mass cultivation of oil-bearing microalgae for biofuels, exploration of naturally occurring and genetically engineered microalgae as cell factories for high-value chemicals, and techno-economic analysis of microalgal mass culture. This excellent new edition also contains details of the biology and large-scale culture of several economically important and newly-exploited microalgae, including Botryococcus, Chlamydomonas, Nannochloropsis, Nostoc, Chlorella, Spirulina, Haematococcus, and Dunaniella species/strains.
Edited by Amos Richmond and Qiang Hu, each with a huge wealth of experience in microalgae, its culture, and biotechnology, and drawing together contributions from experts around the globe, this thorough and comprehensive new edition is an essential purchase for all those involved with microalgae, their culture, processing and use. Biotechnologists, bioengineers, phycologists, pharmaceutical, biofuel and fish-feed industry personnel and biological scientists and students will all find a vast amount of cutting-edge information within this Second Edition. Libraries in all universities where biological sciences, biotechnology and aquaculture are studied and taught should all have copies of this landmark new edition on their shelves.
List of Contributors vi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xiv
Part 1: The Microalgal Cell with Reference to Mass Cultures 1
1 The Microalgal Cell 3
Robert A. Andersen
2 Photosynthesis in Microalgae 21
Jirę Masojędek, Giuseppe Torzillo, and Michal Koblęzek
3 Basic Culturing and Analytical Measurement Techniques 37
Yuan-Kun Lee, Wei Chen, Hui Shen, Danxiang Han, Yantao Li, Howland D. T. Jones, Jerilyn A. Timlin,
and Qiang Hu
4 Strategies for Bioprospecting Microalgae for Potential Commercial Applications 69
William Barclay and Kirk Apt
5 Maintenance of Microalgae in Culture Collections 80
Jerry J. Brand, Robert A. Andersen, and David R. Nobles Jr.
6 Environmental Stress Physiology with Reference to Mass Cultures 90
Giuseppe Torzillo and Avigad Vonshak
7 Environmental Effects on Cell Composition 114
Qiang Hu
8 Inorganic Algal Nutrition 123
Johan U. Grobbelaar
9 Commercial Production of Microalgae via Fermentation 134
William Barclay, Kirk Apt, and X. Daniel Dong
10 Molecular Genetic Manipulation of Microalgae: Principles and Applications 146
Roshan Prakash Shrestha, Farzad Haerizadeh, and Mark Hildebrand
Part 2: Mass Cultivation and Processing of Microalgae 169
11 Biological Principles of Mass Cultivation of Photoautotrophic Microalgae 171
Amos Richmond
12 Theoretical Analysis of Culture Growth in Flat-Plate Bioreactors: The Essential Role of Timescales 205
Y. Zarmi, G. Bel, and C. Aflalo
13 Photobioreactors for Mass Production of Microalgae 225
Graziella C. Zittelli, Natascia Biondi, Liliana Rodolfi, and Mario R. Tredici
14 Downstream Processing of Cell Mass and Products 267
Emilio Molina Grima, Francisco Gabriel Aci'en Fern'andez, and Alfonso Robles Medina
15 First Principles of Techno-Economic Analysis of Algal Mass Culture 310
C. Meghan Downes and Qiang Hu
Part 3: Commercial Species of Industrial Production 327
16 Chlorella: Industrial Production of Cell Mass and Chemicals 329
Jin Liu and Qiang Hu
17 Biology and Industrial Production of Arthrospira (Spirulina) 339
Amha Belay
18 Dunaliella: Biology, Production, and Markets 359
Michael A. Borowitzka
19 Biology and Industrial Potential of Botryococcus braunii 369
Makoto M. Watanabe and Yuuhiko Tanabe
20 Biology and Commercial Aspects of Haematococcus pluvialis 388
Danxiang Han, Yantao Li, and Qiang Hu
21 Novel Sulfated Polysaccharides of Red Microalgae: Basics and Applications 406
Shoshana (Malis) Arad and Dorit van Moppes
22 Hydrogen Production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 417
Giuseppe Torzillo and Michael Seibert
23 Biology and Biotechnology of Edible Nostoc 433
Danxiang Han, Zhongyang Deng, Fan Lu, and Zhengyu Hu
24 IGV GmbH Experience Report, Industrial Production of Microalgae Under Controlled Conditions: Innovative Prospects 445
O. Pulz, J. Broneske, and P. Waldeck
25 Microalgae for Human and Animal Nutrition 461
E. Wolfgang Becker
26 Bioactive and Novel Chemicals from Microalgae 504
R. Cameron Coates, Emily Trentacoste, and William H. Gerwick
27 High-value Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae 532
Daniel J. Barrera and Stephen P. Mayfield
28 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms for Lipid Synthesis and Accumulation in Microalgae: Biotechnological Implications 545
Yantao Li, Danxiang Han, Kangsup Yoon, Shunni Zhu, Milton Sommerfeld, and Qiang Hu
29 Biofuels from Microalgae 566
Maria J. Barbosa and Rene H. Wijffels
Part 4: Water Pollution and Bioremediation by Microalgae 579
30 Eutrophication and Water Poisons 581
Susan Blackburn
31 Water Purification: Algae in Wastewater Oxidation Ponds 595
Asher Brenner and Aharon Abeliovich
32 Absorption and Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Microalgae 602
Drora Kaplan
Part 5: Microalgae for Aquaculture 613
33 Microalgae for Aquaculture: The Current Global Situation and Future Trends 615
Arnaud Muller-Feuga
34 Microalga for Aquaculture: Practical Implications 628
Oded Zmora, Dan J. Grosse, Ning Zou, and Tzachi M. Samocha
35 Transgenic Marine Microalgae: A Value-Enhanced Fishmeal and Fish Oil Replacement 653
Jonathan Gressel
36 Microalgae for Aquaculture: Nutritional Aspects 671
E. Wolfgang Becker
37 The Enhancement of Marine Productivity for Climate Stabilization and Food Security 692
Ian S.F. Jones and Daniel P. Harrison
Index 705
