In surveying the period from the Famine in 1848 to the triumph of Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election, Joe Lee argues that Ireland became one of the most modern and advanced political cultures in the world during that time. Lee contends that the Famine death-rate, however terrible, was not unprecedented. What was different was the post-Famine response to the catastrophy. The sharply increased rate of emigration left behind a population of tenent farmers engaged in market orientated agriculture and determined to protect and improve their position. It was this group that used the British political system so skillfully, a process elaborated and refined in the Land League and Home Rule movements under Parnell. The Parnell era left a lasting legacy of modern political engagement and organisation which was carried on in essentials by the later Home Rule party and by Sinn Féin, and - beyond the terminal date of the book - would make its mark on the politics of independent Ireland.