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Contents

Preface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition xi Acknowledgments xiii How to Use the Book xv Part I Methods for Diagnosing Fish Diseases 1. Major Cultured Species 5 Aquarium (Pet) Fish 5 Bait Fish 7 Food Fish 7 Laboratory Fish 8 2. Types of Culture Systems 9 Closed Culture Systems: Aquaria 9 Closed Culture Systems: Ponds 10 Flow-Through Culture Systems 11 Semi-Open Culture Systems 12 3. The Clinical Workup 13 Equipping a Fish Disease Diagnostic Facility 13 Case Submissions 13 Water-Quality Analysis 16 Taking the History 17 The Physical Exam 17 Clinical Techniques: Routine Methods 20 Clinical Techniques: Specialized Methods 35 4. Postmortem Techniques 49 Euthanasia 49 Preserving Parasites 49 Culturing for Bacteria 49 Sampling for Water Molds and Fungi 55 Sampling for Viruses 55 Examining Tissues Postmortem 55 Zoonotic Diseases and Other Human Pathogens 63 5. Guidelines for Interpreting Clinical Findings 65 Environment, Stress, and Fish Disease 65 Acclimation 65 How to Use Part II, the Problem List 65 Sample Problem Data Sheet 66 Clinical Decision Making: Have the Major Problems Been Identified? 67 Prioritizing Problems 68 Treatment Plans 68 When to Refer Cases 68 6. Health Management 69 Biosecurity 69 Health Promotion and Maintenance 73 Animal Welfare 77 Food Safety 78 Environmental Safety 78 Part II Problem List 7. Problems 1 through 10: Diagnoses made with commercially available water-quality test kits or equipment that should be present in the clinician's clinic 83 1. Environmental hypoxia 83 2. Temperature stress 88 3. Temperature stratification 90 4. Ammonia poisoning 91 5. Nitrite poisoning 96 6. Nitrate poisoning 98 7. Too low (too acidic) pH 100 8. Too high (too alkaline) pH 102 9. Improper hardness 103 10. Improper salinity 104 8. Problems 11 through 43: Diagnoses made by either gross external examination of fish, wet mounts of skin/gills, or histopathology of skin/ gills 107 11. Gas supersaturation 107 12. Lamprey infestation 109 13. Leech infestation 110 14. Copepod infestation/infection 112 15. Branchiuran infestation 119 16. Isopod infestation 121 17. Monogenean infestation 123 18. Turbellarian infection 129 19. Protozoan ectoparasites: general features 129 20. Ich infection 131 21. Marine white spot disease 135 22. Trichodinosis 137 23. Chilodonella infestation 138 24. Brooklynella infestation 139 25. Tetrahymenosis 140 26. Scuticociliatosis 141 27. Marine velvet disease 143 28. Freshwater velvet disease 147 29. Ichthyobodosis 148 30. Gill Cryptobia infestation 150 31. Gill amoebic infestation 150 32. Sessile, solitary, ectocommensal ciliate infestation 153 33. Sessile, colonial, ectocommensal ciliate infestation 155 34. Typical water mold infection 156 35. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome 162 36. Branchiomycosis 164 37. Columnaris infection 166 38. Bacterial cold water disease 169 39. Bacterial gill disease 170 40. Lymphocystis 171 41. Epitheliocystis 172 42. Miscellaneous skin and gill diseases 174 43. Incidental findings 176 9. Problem 44: Diagnoses made by examination of a gill clip or a blood smear 179 44. Primary hemopathies 179 10. Problems 45 through 57: Diagnoses made by bacterial culture of the kidney or affected organs 183 45. Bacterial dermatopathies/systemic bacterial infections: general features 183 46. Motile aeromonad infection 185 47. Aeromonas salmonicida infection 186 48. Enteric septicemia of catfish 190 49. Edwardsiella tarda infection 192 50. Vibriosis 193 51. Pasteurellosis 196 52. Enteric redmouth disease 197 53. Streptococcosis 199 54. Bacterial kidney disease 201 55. Mycobacteriosis 204 56. Piscirickettsiosis 208 57. Miscellaneous systemic bacterial infections 210 11. Problems 58 through 76: Diagnoses made by necropsy of the viscera and examination of wet mounts or histopathology of internal organs 215 58. Digenean trematode infection: general features 215 59. Digenean gill infection 220 60. Nematode infection 222 61. Cestode infection 226 62. Acanthocephalan infection 229 63. Myxozoan infection: general features 229 64. Proliferative gill disease 236 65. Ceratomyxa shasta infection 237 66. Hoferellus carassii infection 239 67. Proliferative kidney disease 239 68. Whirling disease 242 69. Miscellaneous important myxozoan infections 243 70. Microsporidian infection 247 71. Ichthyophonosis 253 72. True fungal infections 254 73. Diplomonad flagellate infection 257 74. Tissue coccidiosis 258 75. Miscellaneous endoparasitic infections 264 76. Idiopathic epidermal proliferation/neoplasia 264 12. Problems 77 through 88: Rule-out diagnoses 1 (viral infections): Presumptive diagnosis is based on the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology. Definitive diagnosis is based on presumptive diagnosis combined with confirmation of viral presence (e.g., antibody probe, gene probe), 269 77. Systemic viral diseases: general features 269 78. Channel catfi sh virus disease 270 79. Infectious pancreatic necrosis and other aquatic birnaviruses 271 80. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis 274 81. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia 278 82. Infectious salmon anemia 282 83. Spring viremia of carp 285 84. Iridoviral diseases 287 85. Nodaviral diseases 289 86. Koi herpesvirus disease 292 87. Alphavirus diseases 294 88. Miscellaneous systemic viral diseases and infections 298 13. Problems 89 through 99: Rule-out diagnoses 2: Presumptive diagnosis is based on the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology. Definitive diagnosis is based on presumptive evidence combined with further, more extensive workup with a specific identification of the problem 305 89. Nutritional deficiency 305 90. Hypercarbia 309 91. Hydrogen sulfide poisoning 309 92. Chlorine/chloramine poisoning 310 93. Metal poisoning 311 94. Cyanide poisoning 314 95. Miscellaneous water-borne poisonings 315 96. Harmful algal blooms, 321 97. Acute ulceration response/environmental shock/delayed mortality syndrome 325 98. Traumatic lesions 326 99. Genetic anomalies 330 14. Problems 100 through 102: Rule-out diagnoses 3: Presumptive diagnosis is based on the absence of other etiologies combined with a diagnostically appropriate history, clinical signs, and/or pathology. Definitive diagnosis is not possible since the etiology is unknown (idiopathic) 333 100. Lateral line depigmentation 333 101. Senescence 336 102. Miscellaneous important idiopathic diseases 336 15. Problem 103: Diagnoses made by examination of eggs 341 103. Egg diseases 341 Part III Methods for Treating Fish Diseases 16. General Concepts in Therapy 347 Treatment Guidelines 347 Routes of Drug Administration 358 Recommended Treatments in Various Culture Systems 371 Which Dosage to Use 373 17. Pharmacopoeia 375 Acetic Acid 376 Acriflavin 376 Activated Carbon 376 Agricultural Lime 376 Alum 376 Anesthetics 376 Antibiotics 377 Amoxycillin Trihydrate 378 Ampicillin Sodium 378 Chloramphenicol 378 Enrofloxacin 378 Erythromycin 379 Florfenicol 379 Flumequine 380 Furaltadone 380 Furazolidone 380 Kanamycin Sulfate 380 Nalidixic Acid 380 Neomycin Sulfate 381 Nifurpirinol 381 Nitrofurazone 381 Oxolinic Acid 381 Oxytetracycline 382 Sarafloxacin 383 Sulfadiazine-Trimethoprim 383 Sulfadimethoxine-Ormetoprim 384 Sulfadimidine-Trimethoprim 384 Sulfamerazine 384 Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim 384 Antiseptics 384 Bayluscide® 385 Benzocaine 385 Biological Control 385 Bithionol 385 Bronopol 385 Buffers: Freshwater Aquaria 386 Buffers: Marine Aquaria 386 Buffers: Ponds 386 Butorphanol 387 Calcium 387 Carbon Dioxide 387 Chloramine Neutralizer 388 Chloramine-T 388 Chlorhexidine 389 Chloride 389 Chlorine 389 Chlorine Neutralizer 390 Chloroquine Diphosphate 390 Chorionic Gonadotropin 391 Clove Oil 391 Copper 391 Chelated Copper 391 Copper Sulfate 392 Deionized Water 393 Diflubenzuron 393 Dimetridazole 394 Diquat 394 Disinfection 394 Electroshock 396 Enamectin Benzoate 396 Eugenol 397 Euthanasia 397 Fenbendazole 398 Flubendazole 399 Formalin 399 Formalin/Malachite Green 400 Freshwater 400 Fumagillin 401 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 401 Hydrogen Peroxide 401 Hyposalinity 402 Hypothermia 403 Immunostimulants 403 Ivermectin 404 Ketamine 404 Ketoprofen 404 Levamisole Hydrochloride 404 Lidocaine 404 Magnesium Sulfate 404 Malachite Green 405 Mebendazole 406 Methylene Blue 406 Methyltestosterone 406 Metomidate 407 Metronidazole 407 Monensin Sodium 407 Nitrifying Bacteria 407 Organophosphate 408 Ozone 409 Peat 410 2-Phenoxyethanol 410 Piperazine Sulfate 410 Potassium Permanganate 410 Povidone Iodine 411 Praziquantel 412 Pyrethroid 413 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 413 Quinaldine Sulfate 414 Salt 414 Secnidazole 415 Sedatives 415 Silver Sulfadiazine 415 Slaked Lime 415 Sodium Bicarbonate 416 Sodium Pentobarbital 416 Sodium Phosphate 417 Sodium Sulfi te 417 Teflubenzuron 417 TFM 417 Toltrazuril 417 Tonic Immobility 417 Tricaine 417 Triclabendazole 418 Ultraviolet Light 418 Unslaked Lime 419 Vaccines 419 Virkon® Aquatic 419 Water Change 419 Wound Sealant 420 Zeolite 420 Literature Cited 421 Appendix I Fish Disease Diagnosis Form 471 Appendix II Suppliers 473 Appendix III Scientific Names of Fish Mentioned in the Text 481 Appendix IV Definitions of Terms 491 Appendix V Example Form for Shipping Fish to a Clinic or Diagnostic Laboratory 495 Index 497

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