As in the terrestrial environment, most data collection from freshwater habitats to date falls into the survey, surveillance or research categories. The critical difference between these exercises and a monitoring project is that a monitoring project will clearly identify when we need to make a management response. A Model for Conservation Management and Monitoring Monitoring (as defined by Hellawell) is essentially a tool of practical conservation management, and Fig. 1.1 shows a simple, but effective, model for nature conser- tion management and monitoring. The need for clear decision-making is implicit in this model. First we must decide what would represent a favourable state for the key habitat or species, and then we must decide when to intervene if the state is (or becomes) unfavourable. A third, often overlooked, but equally important, decision concerns when we would consider the habitat or species to have recovered; this is unlikely to be the same point that we became concerned about it. This decision not only has resource imp- cations, it can also have major implications for other habitats and species (prey species are an obvious example). All of these decisions are essential to the devel- ment of an efficient and effective monitoring project.
List of contributors.- Acknowledgements.- Section 1: Setting the scene. 1. Conservation monitoring in freshwater habitats: an introduction.- 2. Options for planning management.- 3. The Water Framework Directive and the Habitats and Birds Directives.- Section 2: Biological indicators for freshwater habitats. 4. Freshwater mammals as indicators of habitat condition.- 5. Waterbirds as bioindicators of environmental conditions.- 6. Monitoring fish populations in river SACs.- 7. Assessment of aquatic invertebrates.- 8. Riverine plants as biological indicators.- 9. Phytoplankton (toxic algae) as biological indicators.- 10. Monitoring biological invasions in freshwater habitats.- Section 3: Rivers: threats and monitoring issues. 11. Threats to river habitats and associated plants and animals.- 12. The development and application of Mean Trophic Rank (MTR).- 13. Monitoring the Ranunculion habitat on the River Itchen.- 14. Observer variation in river macrophyte surveys.- 15. The implications of observer variation for existing macrophyte recording methods.- 16. Unitisation of protected rivers.- Section 4: River case studies. 17. Monitoring the Ranunculion habitat of the Western Cleddau.- 18. Monitoring of Cryphaea lamyana on the Afon Teifi SSSI/SAC.- 19. Monitoring sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus ammocoetes in SAC rivers.- 20. Monitoring juvenile Atlantic salmon and sea trout in the River Savaran.- 21. Shad monitoring in the Afon Tywi SAC.- 22. Monitoring the effects ofacidification and liming on water quality in a boreal stream.- Section 5: Lake and wetland case studies. 23. A baseline for monitoring the freshwater Natura 2000 vegetation of the Teifi pools.- 24. Aquatic plant monitoring in the Broads.- 25. Monitoring stoneworts Chara spp. at Bosherston Lakes.- 26. Monitoring wetland mammals.- 27. Ringed Seals in the Gulf of Bothnia.- Section 6: Integrated surveillance, monitoring and management at Donana Natural Space. 28. An integrated monitoring programme for Donana Natural Space.- 29. Monitoring aquatic ecosystems at Donana Natural Space.- 30. Endangered waterbirds at Donana Natural Space.- 31. Monitoring marsh dynamics through remote sensing.- 32. New technologies for long-term biodiversity monitoring.- Section 7: Appendices. Glossary.- Index.-
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